Michigan Bird’s-Eye-View Maps (1866 – 1889)
- Grade: 3rd - 5th
- Primary Source Set
Historical Context
Post-Civil War communities created bird’s eye maps to promote their communities. A bird’s eye view map shows a place from an aerial or “bird’s eye” perspective. Artists walked the streets of a city, sketching buildings and landscaping. They also used tall buildings within the city to gain an aerial perspective. Artists would then depict the city as if viewed from above. Despite mapmakers practicing this method of mapping for centuries, bird’s eye view maps became immensely popular. During the Civil War, mapmakers used hot-air balloons to map enemy troop movements. After the war, artists sometimes used hot-air balloons to get the aerial perspective of a town.
Small towns and urban centers all over the United States clamored for bird’s eye view maps. The maps gained popularity because they offered cities, businesses, and organizations a way to promote themselves. As a result, businesses, churches, and individuals paid money to a publishing company to map their town and have their buildings included or even highlighted. These maps are often an idyllic view of a place, and try to show industry, progress, and wealth.
Learning Objectives
A familiar location is a key consideration when teaching with bird’s eye view maps. Making connections to a map is easier when students recognize landmarks, streets, and buildings. This primary source set of maps offers a variety of locations throughout Michigan.
Primary Source Analysis
Students can analyze the maps as primary sources. For each map, ask students to interpret:
- Point of view
- Context (when was the map made and why was it important for that location)
- Bias
- Frame of reference
For inquiry-based learning, ask students to:
- Explain how a map tell its story and/or makes its argument
- Explain the relationship between maps
- Compare and contrast maps in terms of point of view and method
- Support conclusions and interpretation with evidence
- Identify questions for further investigation
Additional Tools
- Document analysis worksheets from the National Archives
- Using primary sources from the Library of Congress
Discussion Questions
- Find a map in the set of a familiar locations for your students. Find the same area in a contemporary map (ex. Google maps, road map). Ask students to compare and contrast maps.
- Identify maps where different industries are at work. Ask students to compare and contrast maps.
Michigan Social Studies Standards
- 3-H3.0.1: Explain how historians use primary and secondary sources to answer questions about the past.
- 3-H3.0.7: Use a variety of primary and secondary sources to construct a historical narrative about daily life in the early settlements of Michigan.
- 3-G1.0.2: Use thematic maps to find and describe the physical and human characteristics of Michigan.
- 4-H3.0.5: Use visual data and informational text or primary accounts to compare a major Michigan economic activity today with that same activity or a related activity in the past.
- 4-G2.0.2: Find and describe human and physical characteristics of major U.S. regions and compare them to the Great Lakes region
Primary Source Set

Birds Eye View of the City of Lansing
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Lansing, Michigan.
Collection
Birds Eye View of the City of LansingDate
1866
Birds Eye View of Jonesville
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Jonesville, Michigan.
Collection
Birds Eye View of JonesvilleDate
1872
Birds Eye View of Saline
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Saline, Michigan.
Collection
Birds Eye View of SalineDate
1872
Petoskey in 1880 [Birds Eye View]
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Petoskey, Michigan.
Collection
Petoskey in 1880 [Birds Eye View]Date
1880
Bird's Eye View of Montague, Muskegon Co., Mich.
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Montague, Michigan.
Date
1880
Bird's Eye View of Whitehall, Muskegon Co., Mich.
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Whitehall, Michigan.
Date
1880
Houghton, Mich. [Birds Eye View] Population 2500
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Houghton, Michigan.
Date
1881
Panoramic View of the City of Coldwater
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Coldwater, Michigan.
Collection
Panoramic View of the City of ColdwaterDate
1883
Benton Harbor, Mich Looking North West
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Collection
Benton Harbor, Mich Looking North WestDate
1889
Birds-Eye View of Muskegon Michigan From Muskegon Lake Looking East
Description
Printed birds-eye view of Muskegon, Michigan.